LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Organizational behavior
it is the field of study that draws on theory, methods, and principles from various disciplines to learn about individuals perceptions, values, learning capacities and actions while working in groups and within the organization and to analyze the external environment's effect on the organization and its human resources,missions, objectives, and strategies.
Contingency Approach
Each person is different and there are also different situation that the organization may encounter. This approach states that there's no one best way to manage in every situation and managers must find different ways that fit different situations. A method that's very effective in one situation may not work at all in others. This approach will help to diagnose the characteristics of the individuals and group involved in the organizational structure and the leadership style before deciding on a solution on the problem of the organization.
Managing Workplace Behavior
The workplace behavior in the Philippines
These workplace behaviors have a big impact on the quality of life for co-workers and the organization as well.If we had better relationship skills, it would diminish the amount of stress in the workplace and eliminate a lot of misery.
Approaches to Effectiveness
Goal Approach. the oldest and widely used evaluation approach. One widely used practice is management by objectives. According to this, managers specify in advance the goals that they expect their subordinates to accomplish and then evaluate periodically the degree to which hey accomplish them.
System Approach. the concept of effectiveness can be defined in broader terms that enables managers to understand the causes of individual, group and organizations effectiveness. Managers in organization use the notion of a system to view their internal and external world and how the parts related and interact with each other. Managers are able to identify common and uncommon themes tat help explain the behavior and effectiveness of people.
Multiple-Constituency. there's no way to determine the relative importance of the constituent claims and that there are as many evaluations of effectiveness as there are individuals making judgment and so this theory suggest that it may in fact integrate both the system and goal approaches to effectiveness. And it is possible to use the approaches to obtain a more appropriate approach to organizational effectiveness.
Environmental forces that initiates changes
There are different components of environment that influence on how an organization operates as well as it's structure. That's why an organization needs to initiate changes so that they can respond to the needs of their customers or clients, to legal and political constraints, and to economic and technological changes.
Organizational Culture
this is what the employees perceive and how this perception creates a pattern of beliefs, values and expectations.
Socialization
it is the process by which organizations bring new employees into the culture. There is a passing of values, assumptions and attitudes from older to newer employees.
Difference in how some employees talk about a positive culture and a negative culture
In positive culture, employees shared their thoughts, feelings and talk about the organization they have. There are employees bond together and create a feeling of togetherness. While in negative culture, some employees dislike their jobs and view them as “have to” instead of “get to. And this creates negative culture excuses, whining and gossiping.
The impact of an Organization's Culture on individual and team behavior
An organization's culture encompasses everything it does and everything it makes. That is, it not only affects the manner in which managers manage. Culture is made up of the values,beliefs, underlying assumptions, attitudes and behavior shared by a group people. It can help employees improve the productivity of the organization/company. And it can create good relationship with other.
Spirituality
It can contribute to creativity, honest, trust, commitment, personal need satisfaction and improved organizational effectiveness.
The spirituality benefits in addition to improved effectiveness include attaining a broader world view; concern with working with integrity; acquiring a string sense of community; and a willingness to work to make a positive difference by making contributions to colleagues, stakeholders and society. In addition to these benefits there is also the individual benefit of creating a more reasonable work/life balance, attitude and st of behaviors.
Specific Practice and Programs used by Organizations to facilitate socialization
Orientation programs. taking a new job involves not only new tasks but also new interpersonal relationships. The new person comes into an ongoing social system that has evolved a unique set of values, ideals, friendships, and all other characteristics of work groups.If they left alone, the new employee must cope with the new environment i ignorance but if given them some help and guidance, he can cope more effectively.
Training programs. it is necessary to instruct new employees in proper techniques and to help them develop requisite skills.
Performance evaluation. it provides important feedback about how well the individual is getting along in the organization.
Assigning challenging work. the first job of new employees often demand far less of them than they are able to deliver. Consequently, they are unable to demonstrate their full capabilities and in a sense they are being stifled. This is especially damaging if the recruiter was overly enthusiastic in "selling" the organization when they were recruited.
Assigning demanding bosses. it is a practice that seems to have considerable promise for increasing the retention rate of new employees. The boss most likely to get new employees off in the right direction is one who has high but achievable expectation for their performance. And the boss is always to assist through coaching and counseling.
Taking It to the Net
Traditional vs. New Economy Comparison
1.How much of each company's revenue and profit is generated outside its country origin?
a.Automobiles ( Toyota Motor Corporation )
The revenue is ¥ 18.9 trillion (FY2010)
and its profit is ¥209.4 billion (FY2010)
b.Software ( Information System )
Its revenue is 21,140 crore (U.S $4.67 billion)(31st
2.What does the code of ethics statement fr each company says?
a.Automobiles ( Toyota Motor Corporation )
known collectively as the Toyota Way
In April 2001 the Toyota Motor Corporation adopted the
"Toyota Way 2001," an expression of values and conduct
guidelines that all Toyota
Under the two headings of Respect for People and
Continuous Improvement, Toyota
and conduct guidelines with the following five
principles:
Challenge
Kaizen (improvement)
Kaizen (improvement)
Genchi Genbutsu (go and see)
Respect
Teamwork
b.Software ( Information System )
The infosys is working towards a more equitable
society, the Infosys Foundation has made small, but
effective strides in the areas of healthcare,
education, social rehabilitation and the arts.
society, the Infosys Foundation has made small, but
effective strides in the areas of healthcare,
education, social rehabilitation and the arts.
3.What changes have they had to cope with in their people policies and product/service mix in the past decade?
a.Automobiles ( Toyota Motor Corporation )
the positive experiences of ownership and vehicle
quality.They continue to strive for the technology
that prevents and minimizes the damage of an accident
in any situation.They also aiming to develop safe
vehicles and technology based on the "Integrated
Safety Management Concept."
that prevents and minimizes the damage of an accident
in any situation.They also aiming to develop safe
vehicles and technology based on the "Integrated
Safety Management Concept."
b.Software ( Information System )
The growing role of customer feedback in the marketing
process suggests that companies are ready to involve
customers in marketing decisions.
Those effective marketing tools are realizing value
that transcends the benefits of a product or service,
responding to customer needs not directly related to
the business function, engaging customers for product
and service innovation, investing in technologies to
enhance interactivity and improve the customer
experience, and integrating internal functions to
enable a seamless customer experience.
4.How effective are the firms?
a.Automobiles ( Toyota Motor Corporation )
They intended to contribute by taking the lead in the
sustainable development of society and the earth,
sharing and implementing our "CSR Policy" globally
with the aim of becoming an admired and trusted
company in the various regions where they conduct
business.
b.Software ( Information System )
Infosys strives to cultivate a sustainable approach to
conducting business.Infosys actively participate in
the welfare of the local community. Our Development
Centers (DCs) inIndia
several Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
initiatives. They organize and contribute to welfare
programs, especially for underprivileged children.
Their company has a big help to other companies that
need their help in terms of high technologies that can
be very useful to the company.
conducting business.Infosys actively participate in
the welfare of the local community. Our Development
Centers (DCs) in
several Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
initiatives. They organize and contribute to welfare
programs, especially for underprivileged children.
Their company has a big help to other companies that
need their help in terms of high technologies that can
be very useful to the company.
5.Would you want to work for either of these firms? Why?
If I have a change to work either of these firms, why not.
Both firms show great opportunities for an employee to
become successful in his career.
One of the Best Firms
Diversity in the workforce is a continuing trend. Increasing diversity in the U.S.
Minorities—including Hispanics or Latinos, blacks or African Americans, and Asians—continue to increase their shares of the labor force. The rates of growth for these groups are projected to be faster than the rate for whites.
1.McDonald's Oak Brook , Ill.
Fast-food king McDonald's holds on to its first-place crown
by having the highest minority employee-retention rate on
our list and making a concerted effort to purchase from
minorities, who now represent half of its vendors. It also
added a third minority to its 16-person board of directors,
which oversees a workforce that's 53% minority.
2.Fannie Mae Washington, D.C. $53.8
When it comes to diversity in the very upper echelons of
the corporate tree, this mortgage finance giant takes the
title, with 15 minorities among its 50 best-paid employees
(including CEO Franklin Raines). The key? Employees say
Fannie Mae focuses less on race and more on developing
effective leaders.
3.Sempra Energy San Diego
Half of Sempra Energy's workforce are minorities, and
through a partnership with Howard University
Diego--based utility is guaranteed a steady influx of MBAs
and engineers. Employees celebrate differences for a week
each quarter; the March celebration included Chinese New
Year, Black History Month, and St. Patrick's Day.
4.Union Bank of Calif. [1] San Francisco
This West Coast bank added five minorities to its 50 top-
paid last year, and most got their dough the old-fashioned
way--in commissions. Frank Robinson, a black VP in San
Diego, says that while his peers at other banks bemoan
their lack of mentors, "I know ten African-American senior
vice presidents I can call."
5.Denny's Spartanburg , S.C.
Nearly half of Denny's 1,011 franchises are owned by
minorities, 255 of them by Asian Indians, while one-third
of restaurant managers and one-fifth of executives are also
drawn from the diner chain's minority ranks. Still, Denny's
slipped a little in our rankings, reflecting in part the
loss of one minority from its board.
6.U.S. Postal Service Washington , D.C.
With 59% of new hires minorities, the postal agency has
managed to best its own highly rated efforts to ensure a
diversified workforce from the get-go. And with 24% of its
50 top-paid positions occupied by minorities, it also has
one of the better records for ensuring that diversity
percolates all the way to the top.
7.PepsiCo Purchase , N.Y.
Latinos are "coming out of the closet" at PepsiCo HQ, says
the founder of a new networking group. Maybe those new
guacamole-flavored chips had something to do with it
(members of Texas-based Frito-Lay's Hispanic group helped
develop them). Five of PepsiCo's 13 top officers are
minorities--the highest percentage on our list.
8.Southern Calif. Edison [2] Rosemead , Calif.
The utility provider emphasizes operational goals as well
as diversity strategies to remain competitive and ties
bonuses to both. A small decline in the proportion of
minorities on the board and among its 50 top-paid employees
explains its slight dip in our rankings, but SCE's efforts
still earn it a top ten slot.
9.Freddie Mac [3] McLean, Va.
Freddie Mac was rocked by a 2003 accounting scandal that
swept out much of top management, including some high-
ranking minorities. But most minorities (a third of the
workforce and almost 30% of managers) are staying put. The
mortgage giant dedicated all $49.8 million of its
charitable donations to groups that benefit minorities.
10.PNM Resources Albuquerque
Since it's based in New Mexico
surprise that this power company has a 41% Hispanic
workforce. Its Native American employees (4.5% of its
total) are gearing up to start their own affinity group,
and for the past three years PNM has sponsored the NAACP
job fair in the state.
11.PG&E Corp. San Francisco
This San Francisco
its broad spectrum of clients--51% of whom are minorities
(mostly Asian and Latino)--in its offices. Minorities now
constitute 20% of top execs (powering a 12-spot leap in our
list) and an impressive 44% of its board--the best in our
top 50.
12.SBC Communications San Antonio
SBC, based in San Antonio
company on our list, with minorities making up 38% of its
workforce. Although purchasing from minority-owned
businesses fell in 2003, SBC's manager performance reviews
take into account their success in fostering diversity.
13.Hilton Hotels Beverly
The hotel empire boasts 61% of new hires who are
minorities, and its diversity efforts mean making sure
those minorities climb the company ladder. Nonwhites make
up one-third of employees enrolled in succession plans, and
44% of managers must make diversity a priority--their
compensation is tied to it.
14.Verizon Communications New York
The phone giant jumped an impressive ten spots this year,
with improvements from top to bottom: Minorities now make
up 25% of the board and nearly one-third of the workforce.
Oscar Gomez, VP of diversity, says, "Our diversity efforts
are not a program of the month. They are here for the long
haul, a bottom-line imperative."
15.Yum Brands Louisville
At this fast-food conglomerate that owns Pizza Hut, KFC,
and Taco Bell, 43% of managers are minorities,
proportionately the highest share of nonwhite managers on
our list. Not only that, CEO David C. Novak is adding more
minorities to his top tier of executives and highest-paid
employees.
16.Colgate-Palmolive New York
Chris Rector, an African-American senior product manager,
says Colgate's diversity commitment isn't just for show--it
focuses on "what you have in common, not what makes you
different." About 27% of the U.S.
of senior management at the global consumer-products maker
are nonwhite.
17.Xerox Stamford , Conn.
Despite a class-action lawsuit alleging discrimination, the
copy-machine maker continues to win praise for its
diversity from groups ranging from the Small Business
Administration to Diversity Best Practices. A fifth of its
50 top-paid employees are minorities--a slight dip from
last year, but still among the top on our list.
18.Hyatt Chicago $3.3
At this hotelier, new hires on the management path are
called "corporate trainees"--the program claims 49%
minority intake. Diversity training was down 50% for the
year, but management hopes a new scorecard system,
established in 2003 to force attention on diversity, will
help improve diversity efforts.
19. Washington Mutual Seattle
WaMu is diversifying its pipeline at the ground floor--last
year 43% of new hires and almost 47% of interns were
minorities. The fast-growing bank also added two Asians and
one Hispanic to its 50 best-paid employees, for a total of
nine. Taken together, WaMu's diversity efforts helped push
it up 11 spots on the list.
20.TIAA-CREF New York
A major reorganization cut senior management ranks from 21
to 12, but the proportion of minorities grew as the
retirement-fund manager made strides in "closing the gap"
in minority representation at high levels. It now makes all
managers accountable for diversity goals and sets diverse
slates of candidates for senior jobs.
21. Applied Materials Santa Clara , Calif.
The No. 1 Asian employer on our list focuses on diversity
at the grassroots level, funding a San Jose
that seeks to get Latino students into college. Minorities
still make up 17% of executive managers, even after some
departures, but the chipmaker has no minorities on its
board.
22.Consolidated Edison New York
area--as well as empowering minority employees. The utility
jumps seven spots by swelling the minority ranks of its top
50 highest-paid staff and by making sure half of new hires
are minorities. Nonwhites also hold 15% of top management
spots and a quarter of board positions.
23.United Parcel Service Atlanta
With minorities representing 36% of the total workforce and
nearly half of all new hires, UPS's diversity record speaks
for itself. Gary Wheeler, its corporate workforce
compliance and diversity manager, says that to achieve a
closer ratio between management and workers, the company is
focusing attention on promoting minorities.
24.DTE Energy Detroit
The Detroit-based electric provider embraces diversity from
top to bottom. Minorities occupy almost a quarter of its
board and executive spots, and 29% of its workforce. They
also secure one out of three job openings. Key to
continuing success? "Never thinking diversity efforts are
over with," says S. Martin Taylor, SVP of HR and corporate
affairs.
25.BellSouth Atlanta $22.6
Having settled a discrimination case with the EEOC in
October, the Atlanta-based Baby Bell cracks the top 25 this
year. Where previously only one of every ten employees
participated in diversity training, today it's 42%.
Management is more accountable too--35% of managers have
reviews tied to diversity goals.
26.Coca-Cola Atlanta
The beverage giant added two Hispanics to its board last
year and for the first time made all managers accountable
for diversity goals. Still, a court-ordered task force
expressed concern over the company's diversity record at
senior levels, and Coke wound up losing three of its top-
paid minority execs last year.
27.Nordstrom Seattle $6.5
Minority retention rates are a key factor in manager
performance evaluations at this high-end department store
chain, and in the past year it has seen a sevenfold
increase in the number of minorities enrolled in an
expanded succession program. It also has an outreach
program to involve minority-owned firms in new store
construction.
28.Avon Products New York
The only FORTUNE 500 company led by a woman, Andrea Jung,
who is also a minority, Avon powers up 18 spots on our
list. It did so with the same attention to detail that has
boosted its bottom line, growing Avon 's use of minority
suppliers and charitable giving, and doubling minorities in
its management-tracking program.
29.Abbott Laboratories Abbott Park , Ill.
The drugmaker has gone all out in its diversity efforts,
and that shows--minorities now constitute 33% of new hires,
23% of the board of directors, and 20% of employees in
career-tracking efforts as well as 11 of the 50 top-paid.
New employee-affinity groups include separate ones for
Chinese, Bayanihans, and Ibero-Americans.
30.Knight-Ridder San Jose
The newspaper chain has doubled the number of minorities in
top editor jobs since 2002--it's now 21%--reflecting the
priority it places on diversity as it strives to make
newsrooms more reflective of communities they report on.
Knight-Ridder also grooms future employees by funding
college tuition for 20 minority students a year.
31.Golden West Financial Oakland
The parent of World Savings makes its debut on our list,
thanks in part to the efforts of its workers. Half of all
new hires are referred by current employees, and last year
46% of those were people of color. And more are moving up
through the ranks--around a third of new managers last year
were Hispanic.
32.Starwood Hotels White Plains , N.Y.
Got a probing question for the boss? Starwood's intranet
solicits anonymous comments on diversity issues and relays
them to management. The company's Office of Diversity and
Inclusion counsels management on diversity too. Fifty-eight
percent of new hires and 32% of management are minorities.
33.Darden Restaurants Orlando
At the Olive Garden and Red Lobster chains, diversity
efforts are encouraged from "boardroom to dining room,"
says CEO Joe Lee. Minorities are well represented in key
decision-making positions--totaling 36% of the board and
19% of management. ¿No habla ingles? Training and benefits
materials (and menus) come in Spanish.
34.Safeway Pleasanton , Calif.
Despite the grocery-labor dispute in California
wasn't distracted from its focus on diversity last year,
with an increased number of new minority hires and job
reviews for managers based on diversity efforts. The
departure of a couple of top minority executives is partly
to blame for the supermarket chain's fall in our rankings.
35.Wyndham International [4] Dallas
Wyndham CEO Fred Kleisner chairs the recently founded
multicultural advisory board of the American Hotel &
Lodging Association, underlining minorities' importance at
this hotel chain; they make up 61% of the total workforce,
64% of new hires (the highest on our list), and 18% of top
corporate executives.
36.Levi Strauss San Francisco
Levi Strauss's domestic workforce continues to shrink, with
the jeansmaker deciding recently to shutter its last U.S.
factory. Even so, it has maintained its commitment to
diversity: Last year almost half of its employees here were
minorities, as were 18% of its 50 highest earners, and 28%
of managers.
37.Pepco Holdings Washington , D.C.
Pepco, a D.C.-based energy-services holding company, debuts
at No. 37 on our list, thanks in part to CEO Dennis Wraase,
who maintains a diverse top team with eight minorities
among its 51 top earners. Employees competed for a Bahamas
trip by answering trivia questions about the company's
diversity efforts.
38.Citigroup New York $94.7
Small adjustments at a company the size of Citigroup can
start big waves. Take its intern program: Weighting it
toward minorities in 2003 by an extra ten percentage points
created nearly 1,000 more places for minority students. The
banking giant is also including more minorities in its
mentoring and succession programs.
39.Prudential Financial Newark
Though it lost more than a third of its workforce when it
divested two businesses, the Rock's commitment to diversity
remained, well, solid, as minority retention improved.
Encouraged by the company's top female exec, a trio of
black women launched a program to help participants get
more out of mentoring relationships.
40.Schering-Plough Kenilworth , N.J.
In 2003, Pakistan-born Fred Hassan was named CEO of the
pharmaceutical company, which has written itself an
effective diversity prescription: Half of its eight
division presidents are minorities, as are a quarter of its
board of directors. In the past year tracking of minority
candidates for management positions nearly doubled.
41.American Express New York
Having an African-American CEO doesn't make you a shoo-in
for this list--just ask Ken Chenault, whose company returns
after a year away. In the interim the financial services
firm boosted diversity from top to bottom: In 2003, almost
46% of new employees were people of color, well above 2002
levels.
42.MGM Mirage Las Vegas
The Vegas hotel and casino company takes commitment to
diversity seriously: A new purchasing council of 20 buyers
meets monthly to collaborate on finding minority-owned
vendors to improve its purchasing record. MGM Mirage
boosted minority intake in its intern program, but suffered
turnover of minorities at the top.
43.J.P. Morgan Chase [5] New York
Why don't women of color progress at the same rate as white
women? That's one of the tough questions this big bank is
tackling in new task forces. Though solid, its diversity
numbers have only inched up since the 2000 J.P. Morgan-
Chase merger, but the task forces are looking to gain
traction.
44.Pitney Bowes Stamford , Conn.
The postage-machine manufacturer says its challenge this
year has been reorganizing its "aligned, but not alike"
diversity policy to match a restructured corporate
management. CEO Mike Critelli, besides chairing the
National Urban League, added another top-level minority
executive and two to the top-paid strata.
45.Procter & Gamble Cincinnati
CEO A.G. Lafley says top-to-bottom diversity will make P&G
the "most in-touch company in the world." That's why 800
employees attended the 50 Exploring and Managing Inclusion
workshops held this year to discuss race and
discrimination. Several top minority execs retired, but
four minorities were promoted to VP in their place.
46.General Motors [6] Detroit
Two of the automaker's ten board directors are minorities,
and 13% of senior management. At the other end of the
scale, minorities account for almost a third of new hires.
While the automaker doesn't require diversity training for
all managers, last year it held a first-ever Diversity
Immersion Day, attended by 300 high-ranking executives.
47.Eastman Kodak Rochester
While the photographic giant remains admirably diverse,
with one-fifth of senior management and a third of its
board minorities, restructuring and downsizing over the
past year did scale back minority representation. CEO
Daniel Carp and COO Antonio Perez will jump-start an
internal global-diversity panel to mix it up this summer.
48.Merck Whitehouse Station, N.J. $22.5
Last summer the drug giant spun off its huge Medco
business, leaving a workforce that's less diverse overall--
from 26% to 21% minority--but more so at the top (a total
of ten people of color among the 50 best-paid, up from six
in 2002). Merck also improved tracking of minorities from
internships to succession planning.
49.AT&T Bedminster, N.J. $34.5
Downsizing has strained AT&T's corporate diversity
programs, but under a new chairman, the company says, it is
diversifying its workforce with renewed vigor. A revamped
recruitment program resulted in minorities' making up half
of new hires last year and a third of employees on a
management fast track.
50.Bank of America Charlotte
A 25-member executive diversity advisory committee
oversees this big bank's 40 diversity councils across
its national operations and ensures that top
management, whose pay incentives are tied to
progress, sets targets to increase diversity in
hiring.
Offshoring: What's It All About?
1.What do these three firms do? What services do they offer?
a.Wipro IT Business
Transforming your business Wipro IT Business, a
division of Wipro Limited (NYSE:WIT), is amongst the
largest global IT services, BPO and Product Engineering
companies. In addition to the IT business, Wipro also
has leadership position in niche market segments of
consumer products and lighting solutions.Wipro makes an
ideal partner for organizations looking at
transformational IT solutions because of its core
capabilities, great human resources, commitment to
quality and the global infrastructure to deliver a wide
range of technology and business consulting solutions
and services, 24/7. Wipro enables business results by
being a ‘transformation catalyst’. It offers integrated
portfolio of services to its clients in the areas of
Consulting, System Integration and Outsourcing for key-
industry verticals.
Their services are business technology services,
enterprise application services, infrastructure
management services, business process outsourcing,
consulting, testing services, product engineering
services, enterprise technology integration and the
total outsourcing
b.Information System
Infosys defines, designs and delivers technology-enabled
c.Tata Consulting Services
At TCS, they achieve real business results that allow
you to transform, and not just maintain, your
operations. Our IT services, business solutions and
outsourcing bring you a level of certainty that no
other competitor can match. You will experience your
requirements being met on time, within budget and with
high quality; greater efficiency and responsiveness to
your business; and the ability to shift investment to
strategic initiatives rather than tactical functions.
The services that they offer are IT services,
Infrastructure services, Enterprise
chain management, Consulting, Customer relationship
management, Business process outsourcing, Business
intelligence and perf management, Engineering and
industrial services, Outsourcing, Platform BPO and
Connected marketing solutions
2.Which industries do they serve?
a.Wipro IT Business
The industries they serve are aerospace, automotive,
banking, business & consumer services, communication
service providers, computer peripherals, computer
software, computing, consumer electronics, consumer
packaged goods, energy, government, healthcare, high-
tech, hospitality & leisure, insurance, manufacturing,
media, medical devices and mobile devices
b.Information System
The industries they serve are aerospace and defense,
airlines, automotive,banking and capital markets,
communication services, consumer packaged goods,
discrete manufacturing, education and energy
c.Tata Consulting Services
The industries they serve are banking & financial
services, energy, resources and utilities, government,
life sciences and health care, high tech, insurance,
manufacturing, media and information services, retail
and consumer products, telecom and travel,
transportation and hospitality.
3.How do these Indian outsourcing companies save U.S.
a.Wipro IT Business
The company has been listed since 1945 and started
its technology business in 1980. Today, Wipro
generates USD 6 billion (India GAAP figure 2009-10)
of annual revenues. Its equity shares are listed
in India
National Stock Exchange; as well as on the New York
Stock Exchange in the US
b.Information System
Infosys Technologies Ltd. (NASDAQ: INFY) was started in
1981 by seven people with US$ 250. Today, we are a
global leader in the "next generation" of IT and
consulting with revenues of US$ 5.4 billion (LTM Sep-
10). Infosys has a global footprint with 63 offices and
development centers in India , China , Australia
Infosys and its subsidiaries have 122,468 employees as
on September 30, 2010.
c.Tata Consulting Services
TCS actively seeks and applies the best possible
solutions and methodologies for enterprises
today, making sure to holistically factor in
people, processes and business issues.
